China’s national language (Mandarin) is the world’s most spoken, although the peoples of China speak as many as 2000 different languages and dialects. Written Chinese is ideographic, which means that writing represents meaning rather than pronunciation, so the same written language can be used by several different spoken languages. Various systems for writing Mandarin words with the Roman alphabet have been tried so that the unchanged name of China’s capital has been spelled both ‘Beijing’ (using the PRC’s own system) and ‘Peking’ (using the dominant system of the 19th century).

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